Forensic Semantics: Analysis of and expert opinion on the meaning of words, phrases, clauses, paragraphs, etc., in legal, personal, and commercial communication (e.g., interpretation of contracts, wills, prenuptial agreements, laws and regulations; trademark/copyright infringement).

Forensic Stylistics: Analysis of the syntax, style, word choice, spelling, punctuation, rhetorical strategies, and other features of anonymous, disputed, or forged documents (including e-mails); expert opinion on plagiariam, authorship and/or characteristics of author.