8/30/2011· Failure Analysis
Metal Failure Analysis: Metal Food Contaminant Failure Analysis
By: Dr. Thomas Read
Materials failure analysis expert performs a failure analysis to determine the source of a metal piece found in tomato product.
Failure analysis is conducted to determine the root cause of failure. Sometimes these failures are catastrophic, e.g., Titanic. Other times the failures are a nuisance, e.g., failed o-ring in plastic faucet water valve. In both cases, the component failed unexpectedly, which can result in injury or death, not to mention financial loss due to unscheduled downtime. By using the information presented in the failed component a company could reduce, or eliminate, the possibility of re-occurrence of that type failure. This paper will discuss failure analysis in general terms and provide several case studies. The areas of failure analysis to be presented include typical tools, steps in conducting a failure analysis, theory of crack propagation, typical failure mechanisms, and case studies.
Introduction
It may sound like a bad joke, but what do manufacturers, insurance companies, and lawyers have in common? From an engineering viewpoint the common factor is providing engineering analysis to determine the root cause of why a component failed. Manufacturing companies want to save money, be more efficient, reduce down-time, and have proper preventive maintenance programs. Insurance companies do not want to pay a claim if abuse of the equipment was responsible for the failure and resulting claim. Lawyers need engineering data to assist in proving their case.
Failure analysis is a broad discipline that includes metallurgy and mechanical engineering. Some personal attributes of a good failure analyst include common sense, the willingness to expect the unexpected, and of course, a strong understanding of the engineering theory. Some of the typical tools include various forms of examination, e.g., visual and electronic. There are numerous steps in completing a failure analysis study and they should be performed in the proper sequence.
This paper introduces the above concepts and provides a few case studies showing how engineering knowledge and the ability to apply it work in these problem solving scenarios.
Typical Tools
Failure analysis provides insight into failure mechanisms if the analysis is thorough and accurate and all the necessary tests are performed. If the analysis is incomplete, then the wrong conclusions will be reached with possible serious future consequences. This paper only addresses a few of the tools, but they are all inter-related. There are several references the reader can obtain to become familiar with all the possible tools available.(1, 2, 3, 4)
Visual exam
The overall condition of the component is quite important, beyond just looking at the fracture surface. It is important to determine the exposure of the entire component to the environment, which includes temperature, acid, tensile or compressive stresses, impact forces, corrosion, and wear. Just receiving a portion of the failed component, i.e., the fractured surfaces will not allow a fully justifiable conclusion to be determined. The author experienced this very concept a few years ago, which made the investigation quite challenging.(5)
Macroscopic exam
The initial view of the fractured surface provides many clues that will aid the failure analyst in determining the responsible failure mechanism. The presence of oxide on a portion of the fracture surface indicates a long exposure to the atmosphere, a smooth surface could indicate rubbing of the mating surfaces after fracture. Certain features will assist the failure analyst in where to concentrate the area of evaluation, e.g., ratchet marks and beach marks. There are several excellent references that can aid the reader. (1, 6, 7)
Wayne Reitz, Phd, PE, performs metallurgical evaluations, mechanical testing, failure analysis, and forensic metallurgy for industry, insurance claims, and as expert testimony.
See Dr. Reitz's Profile on Experts.com.
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8/30/2011· Failure Analysis
Metal Failure Analysis: Metal Food Contaminant Failure Analysis
By: Dr. Thomas Read
Materials failure analysis expert performs a failure analysis to determine the source of a metal piece found in tomato product.
7/7/2009· Failure Analysis
Failure Analysis of a Failed Ceramic Water Holding Tank on a Toilet
By: Dr. Thomas Read
The cracked tank was first inspected in the "as received" condition. In this condition it was cracked, but it was still whole. Next, the failed tank was separated by pulling it apart. This was done to expose the fracture surfaces of the main crack. This allowed for a complete failure analysis and for a determination of where the crack initiated.
7/7/2009· Failure Analysis
Failure Analysis of a Broken Jam Jar
By: Dr. Thomas Read
Glass fractography is the most effective method for determining why a glass object, such as a bottle, failed. This technique consists of examining the fracture surfaces of the failure for artifacts such as Wallner lines and using them to trace the crack back to its origin. Once the origin has been identified, it can be examined in detail with a microscope to determine the cause of the failure.