Patent Infringement / Application Expert Witnesses: 48

Wayne H. Grant, PharmD, is a Clinical Pharmacist with over 30 years of pharmacy experience working in or within various practice settings—retail, long-term care, home infusion, sterile products, corrections, hospice, specialty, and hospitals.  

Dr. Grant has prepared and delivered educational programs to physicians, nurses, and other healthcare professionals based on his extensive experience in multiple disease states. Programs include topics such as Pain Management, COPD, and Motor Neuron Diseases.

Serving as an integral member of multiple pharmacy and therapeutics committees, he has promoted evidence-based interventions while driving quality initiatives and building a highly collaborative consortium among healthcare professionals.  

Earning his Doctor of Pharmacy from the University of Florida, his Master of Business Administration for Kent State University, and his Bachelor of Science from Ohio Northern University highlights Dr. Grant's drive for education, understanding, and application of pharmacy services.  

Dr. Wayne Grant on Consulting with Attorneys

Litigation Support - Dr. Grant is an expert in pharmacy practice. His expertise in long-term, institutional, infusion, and retail practice allow for an extensive understanding of the various pharmacy sectors. He is responsible for pharmacotherapeutic management, medication safety and efficacy and drug information all which follow federal, state, and local laws. He has provided a variety of expert witness services on behalf of legal professionals, including attorney consultation, case review, case opinion, and written case opinion. 

Areas of Medication Expertise:

Adverse Drug Reactions Chronic Pain Drugs and Narcotics Geriatrics Hospice / Palliative Care Hospital Pharmacy Infusion Pharmacy

Long Term Care Medical-Legal Issues Nursing Homes Overdosages Pain Management Pharmaceutical Care Pharmacology Acute Rehab Hospital

View Dr. Grant's Consulting Profile.

Radhakrishnaiah Parachuru is a Textile Engineer with BS, MS and PhD degrees in Textile Engineering & MS degree in Applied Statistics. A multidisciplinary scientist, Dr. Parachuru possesses more than 35 years of teaching, research, and industrial experience in Polymer, Fiber, Textile, Apparel, Carpet, and other related disciplines. 

Serving as the coordinator of industry and public support activities at Georgia Tech, Dr. Parachuru has completed more than 220 applied research projects for the benefit of all segments of the Textile and Allied industries. Projects completed fall in the following categories:

• Product / Process Optimization
• Testing and Evaluation of all Types of Fiber Products Including Woven & Knitted Fabrics, Nonwovens, Carpets, and Technical Textilles
• Flammability Testing of Fabrics, Garments, Carpets and Nonwovens
• Application of Advances in the Materials Field, Especially Advances in Nano and Bio Materials for the Advancement of Fiber Product Industry
• Application of Performance Finishes to Fiber Products Through Wet and Dry Treatments
• Technical Trouble Shooting in Fiber Forming, Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Printing and Textile Finishing Processes
• Design and Evaluation of New Fiber Products for Application in Medical, Construction, Transportation, etc. Sectors
• Assistance for Product Diversification
• Establishment of Quality Control Facilities and QC Routine

Dr. Parachuru has also conducted basic research in the area of Textile Manufacturing and served as the main advisor of several graduate students at Georgia Tech. He has been an active member of Fiber Society, AATCC, ASTM and TQCA. Dr. Parachuru currently serves as an active member of several AATCC technical committees and also as chairman of the AATCC committee on statistics. His current research interests are in the area of medical and industrial textiles. 

Consultation Services - Dr. Parachuru offers technical consultation to manufacturers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. His services cover the entire spectrum of the fiber product industry. 

Litigation Support - Dr. Parachuru has been qualified as a Fiber / Textile Expert after appearing as an expert in more than SIXTY court cases. His experience covers federal, state, and county courts in multiple states within the United States.

Areas of Expertise:

Polymers Fibers Yarns Fabrics

Garments Carpets Nonwovens  Technical Textiles Textile Testing

Khalid Sorensen, PhD, is a highly accomplished technology leader in Automation, Mechatronics, Motion Control, Manufacturing, Machine Vision, and Human-Machine Interaction. He has over 20 years of experience developing and deploying world-class mechatronic, motion control, and automation solutions.

Dr. Sorensen has directed the development and implementation of 100s of complex, multi-disciplinary mechatronic systems for high-profile industry leaders including Toyota, Ford, Alcoa, Caterpillar, Boeing, NuScale, and many others, and high-profile facilities including Fukushima and Chernobyl.

Litigation Support - Dr. Sorensen has testified in numerous Product Liability and IP disputes – both at the Federal and District court levels, as well as the ITC, USPTO, and US Customs and Border Protection.

Areas of Expertise:

Automation Dynamics and Control Systems Kinematics Machine Vision Manufacturing Mechatronics Photogrammetry Robotics

Segways Sensors Tire Mechanics Traction Control Wheel Slip Vibrations Warnings See Full List

Career Highlights:

• Founded a technology company where he invented and was the Chief Architect of Expertoperator^TM, Safemove^TM, Automove^TM, and Cranevision^TM – technology known within the primary metals, automotive, and heavy-equipment sectors for enhancing crane safety, productivity, and ease-of-use; Developed state-of-the-art, on-line, time-optimal trajectory synthesis software for Cartesian machines - key drivers in the acquisition of his company 5 years after inception by a global leader in automation.
• Served as CTO at PaR Systems, a world-class supplier of large-scale robotic automation, control, advanced manufacturing, and nuclear-handling solutions.
• Founded Finity Engineering, which provides design, analysis, consulting, and litigation support services in the areas of robotics, automation, and mechatronics.
• Adjunct Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech. Teaches various engineering topics including Dynamics, Controls, Vibrations, Mechatronics, the Design Process, Product Development, Engineering IP, Product Liability, and others.
• Invited talks at premiere institutions globally including MIT, Kumoh National Univ. of Tech, Korea Atomic Energy Research Inst., Hyung Hee Univ., Huazhong Univ. of Science & Tech.

View Finity Engineering's Business Consulting Profile.

David S. Howell is a Software Engineering expert, focused on Intellectual Property litigation and Contract disputes. As an expert, he has contributed to over 20 cases since 2017, involving such parties as Apple, Amazon, TikTok, and Intuit, as well as software startups. His clients are both plaintiffs and defendants. He has spoken at a number of conferences, including Apple WWDC (World-Wide Developer Conference), NAB (National Association of Broadcasters), the American Film Institute, and One More Thing Melbourne, and has given guest lectures on Computer Science, Engineering Management, and Entrepreneurship at Portland State University and the University of Phoenix.

Experience

Mr. Howell has worked as a lead software engineer or software engineering executive for over 35 years. He has written code and managed engineering teams for macOS, Windows, MS-DOS, iOS, Android, Sony Playstation, Samsung Bada, the web (front and back end), and hardware peripherals. His experience includes six years as an engineering executive at Apple. In 2002, Mr. Howell sold the intellectual property of his first startup, Pablo Media, to Apple. In 2008, he founded Avatron, a leading developer of mobile productivity apps. Under his leadership, Avatron developed and sold dozens of apps for iOS, Android, macOS, and Windows, including two Top Downloaded iOS apps, with millions of satisfied users. Mr. Howell is currently CEO of Avatron and of the Expert Guild.

Education

• Doctor of Engineering in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, George Washington University, exp. 2026
• Master of Legal Studies in Intellectual Property and Technology Law, Washington University School of Law, exp. 2024
• MS in Computer Science, Portland State University
• MBA, Cornell University, Johnson School
• BS in Computer Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
• BA in Music, Case Western Reserve University

Patents

• 10,706,815 Accelerated secondary display system
• 10,163,422 Accelerated secondary display system
• 9,058,759 Virtual display device drivers compatible with Windows display driver model
• 8,694,888 Method and apparatus for titling
• 7,643,037 Method and apparatus for titling by applying effects to computer-generated characters
• 7,594,180 Method and apparatus for titling by presenting computer-generated characters
• 7,483,041Method and apparatus for titling
• 7,199,805 Method and apparatus for titling

Litigation Support

Mr. Howell is available as an expert Witness for Software Intellectual Property litigation and as a Strategic Consultant. He can contribute to claim construction, source code analysis, and offer expert reports, depositions, and testimony about software engineering and the software development lifecycle.

Mr. Howell’s ideal expert-witness client would be a software development firm entangled in patent litigation. He is also available for engineering, marketing, and strategy consultation. As a consultant, Mr Howell's clients have included Intel, Apple, Samsung, LucasFilm, and Hasbro.

James Parker has over 35 years of relevant industry experience specializing in Electronic Security Systems & Sensors, Electronics R&D, and New Product Development. He has in-depth knowledge of electronic product design in both Wired and Wireless Technologies and outstanding knowledge of Environmental and False Alarm Immunity. Products, such as alarm systems, that Mr. Parker led the design of, have an installed base in the millions. 

Litigation Support - Mr. Parker provides Patent Litigation support to counsel representing both Plaintiff and Defense and is experienced with civil liability, criminal and patent litigation, including Inter Partes Reviews (IPRs). He has the ability to explain complex technical material in a straight forward manner. Mr. Parker's past clients include Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, Fish & Richardson PC, Alarm.com, 2GIG Technologies, and Nest Labs. His services are available nationally and internationally. 

Areas of Expertise:

Electronic Security Security Systems Burglar Alarm Systems Intrusion Detection Motion Detection Wireless Alarm Systems Wired Alarm Systems Occupancy Detection Systems Premises Security Residential and Commercial Security Inter Partes Reviews (IPRs)

Research and Development Engineering Management New Product Development Electronic Engineering Embedded Systems Alarm Control Panels PIR (Passive Infra-Red) Motion Detection uW (Microwave) Doppler Motion Detection Solar LED Flood Lights (Patio to Street Level) Patent Litigation Intellectual Property

Background - Mr. Parker is the Past Vice President of Engineering for Digital Security Controls Ltd. (DSC), a leading global manufacturer of electronic security systems and components with sales exceeding $400 million annually. He is currently the President at EE-Systems Group Inc. Canada (R&D) where he is responsible for overseeing new product and business development. A prolific inventor, Mr. Parker has been granted over 25 unique patents with approximately 100 patent documents published worldwide. 

View James Parker's Consulting Profile.

Eric Forister, PhD, is an expert Economist with testifying experience on market definition, market power, and damages. His expertise includes applying advanced statistical techniques to datasets, synthesizing information from documents, and designing and evaluating surveys. A Senior Economist at Econ One, he focuses on relevant questions to tackle complex issues with an efficient and effective style of communication. Dr. Forister also has extensive experience consulting on issues including royalty rates, irreparable harm, sampling, survey design, common impact, and materiality.

Ideal Client Engagement: For litigation-related matters, an ideal engagement would be providing an opinion on economics, damages, market power, or market definition; or providing pre-litigation advice on the economics of potential claims, or the merits of a survey. For non-litigation matters, an ideal engagement would be helping to explain the economics of different business models or consulting to those considering buying or starting an optometry office.

Experience: Dr. Forister has acted in a support/consulting role on over 100 matters. His support work has been a mix of plaintiff and defense work. Dr. Forister has designed and evaluated surveys for IP and marketing cases and worked on a wide range of other matters, including:

• Antitrust - price fixing, exclusionary conduct, monopsony, unfair competition, Robinson-Patman
• Intellectual Property - SEP, FRAND, patents, trademark, irreparable harm
• Marketing - false advertising, product labeling
• General Damages - breach of contract, bankruptcy

Education/Training:

• PhD in Business Administration (Field: Economics), Stanford Graduate School of Business
• BS in Mathematics / Economics, University of California at Los Angeles, magna cum laude

View Dr. Forister's Consulting Profile.

Mark McFarland, is a licensed and Board Certified Electrical and Telecommunications Engineer.  He provides expert consulting for plaintiff and defense counsel on civil and criminal cases nationwide. 

Mark's practice covers a wide range of cases, typically involving electrical, electronic, software, cellular, GPS, and telecommunications evidence. He has worked with lawyers in several fields including: wrongful death, personal injury, product liability, securities fraud, homicide, sex trafficking, medical malpractice, class action, insurance claims, patent litigation, contract disputes, and more.

Mark has worked dozens of cases and testified in court for civil and criminal trials.

Many of the cases he's worked have settled on his expert report.

Contact Mark at Discovery Engineering when you have litigation involving electrical, electronic, software, cellular, or GPS evidence. Licensed & Board Certified.  720-593-1640

For more information, please give me a call or visit my website.  

Have a fantastic day!   

Harry Direen, PhD, PE has over 30 years of experience as an engineer Designing and Developing Systems in the Electronics and Software Industry. He has taught engineering courses at the US Air Force Academy and at the University of Colorado. Dr. Direen currently works with a research group at the US Air Force Academy developing control systems and image processing using GPGPUs for UAVs. An inventor, he holds 3 United States patents.

Litigation Support - Dr. Direen has significant experience as an expert witness supporting counsel and testifying in complex patent infringement cases. He has a broad base of knowledge in electronic and software systems gained from a long career developing a wide range of products and systems. His litigation experience also includes encryption / decryption methods associated with databases and signal processing. Dr. Direen has reverse engineered a variety of complex systems over the years, including: media players, modems, modem compression algorithms, coriolis mass flow meters, database systems, and a range of other products to support patent infringement cases generating detailed claim charts and writing expert reports to demonstrate infringement. He has successfully discovered and analyzed complex digital signal processing algorithms and pertinent operations within these products. Dr. Direen's expertise is available to counsel representing both plaintiff and defendant. He is highly proficient in explaining complex systems to laymen.

Areas of Expertise:

Electronic Systems Control Systems Embedded Systems Design and Development Databases Control of UAVs / Drones

Robotics Software Signal Processing Product Reverse Engineering Intellectual Property

View Dr. Direen's Consulting Profile.

Dr. Pavithra Kumar has over 16 years of experience in Economic Consulting and specializes in the application of economic and financial theory to questions arising in business disputes, securities / derivatives, transfer pricing and corporate finance litigation. She has expertise in damages quantification spanning a variety of contexts and industries, business valuation (including startups and companies across several niche industries), securities and structured finance litigation. Dr. Kumar is proficient in the use of sophisticated statistical modeling and econometric techniques, including event studies, analysis of options, swaps and other complex structured products.

Litigation Support - Dr. Kumar has been engaged several times as a testifying expert (defense and plaintiff) in securities, valuation and damages-related matters, and as consulting expert in a wider range of litigation including tax and transfer pricing, financial antitrust, statistical sampling and wage and hour-related suits. She has been deposed and issued expert reports.

Areas of Expertise:

Antitrust Cryptocurrency Economic Damages and Business Interruption Financial Services Healthcare Insurance International Arbitration Business Valuation

Labor, Employment, Discrimination and Statistics Natural Resource Damages Patent Infringement & Intellectual Property Pensions and Annuities Securities Statistics and Sampling Telecommunications

Dr. Kumar’s work has contributed to several high-profile wins, including a multibillion-dollar hotel acquisition dispute in which she led teams supporting academic experts in their assessments of the post-transaction performance of the acquired hotels and the resultant decline in value. In other matters, she has led teams in the preparation of economic, financial, and statistical analyses through all stages of the litigation process.

In previous consulting roles, Dr. Kumar led cross-office teams in cases spanning securities class action, transfer pricing, M&A and business valuation-related matters, damages estimation in a variety of contexts, including trademark infringement, securities class actions and private equity disputes, and ERISA suits. She has supported industry experts in fields including sports and entertainment and fiduciary process, and academic experts in areas including corporate governance, assessment of inter-company transactions, class certification and market efficiency, securities lending, banking and solvency.

Howard J. Cohen, PhD, has over 30 years of experience in Software Engineering, Architecture and Implementation. He possesses particular expertise in Algorithms, Relational Databases, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and Software Applications in general. His experience has been in a broad spectrum of technology, in several languages, in a wide variety of applications, and on multiple platforms. Dr. Cohen's background includes Electronic Design Automation, Bioinformatics, Digital Cartography, Banking Systems for Foreign Exchange Traders, and many more. He is the co-inventor on approximately 120 patents.

Dr. Cohen has over 15 years of experience as an Expert Witness. He possesses excellent written and verbal communications skills, including the ability to express himself well in interpersonal contacts, make presentations to large audiences, explain complex concepts clearly, and write well on levels ranging from the scientific to end user documentation. He is available to analyze complex systems, to write clearly about technical issues, and communicate face-to-face in a manner appropriate for any audience to understand the issues, the technology and the point of view. Dr. Cohen has been deposed and testified at arbitration hearings and in Federal Court.

Expert Witness Projects Include:

• Trade Secrets
• Copyright
• DMCA - Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Patent Infringement
• Source Code Analysis
• Business Practices
• Damages Analysis
• Computer Software Security / Forensics

View Consulting Profile.

Dr. Glenn Prestwich  is a National Academy of Inventors fellow with over 45 years of experience as a professor, entrepreneur, and biotech startup C-suite executive. Dr. Prestwich specializes in Biomedical Intellectual Property. He has been a prolific inventor since 1977, and an expert witness in IP law cases since 2007. He is an inventor on over 95 patents and patent applications, including 48 issued patents.

Litigation Support - Dr. Prestwich brings to all legal and technical cases a deep appreciation for how chemistry informs the invention and development of products that offer solutions to problems in the life sciences and medicine, ranging from disease detection and treatment to tissue healing and regeneration. He’s been involved in intellectual property litigation that concern medical devices, diagnostics, new pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, agrochemicals, and consumer products.

As an expert witness, Dr. Prestwich enjoys the challenges of dissecting the validity (or invalidity) of patents in litigation. He appreciates the subtleties of claim construction and works collaboratively with attorneys to identify successful arguments based on sound science and legal principles. He has drafted over 40 expert reports, declarations, and affidavits in support of his attorney clients.  He has been deposed 18 times and testified in Court four times.

Glenn D. Prestwich on Accessible and Experienced Expert Witnesses

Areas of Expertise:

Organic Synthesis Natural Products Chemistry Medicinal Chemistry Mechanistic Enzymology Agricultural Chemistry Chemical Biology Biochemistry

Intellectual Property Litigation Medical Devices Diagnostics New Pharmaceuticals Drug Delivery Agrochemicals / Pesticides Consumer Products

Publications - Dr. Prestwich is an organized, clear, and effective writer. He has co-authored  over 610 additional peer-reviewed articles in the scientific literature, and written over 50 single-author scientific publications, reviews and book chapters. His publications encompass areas such diverse topics as anti-cancer drugs, gels for wound repair, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine, insect and pest control agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, lipids and cell signaling tools, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Peter Crosby has over 45 years experience in the Medical Devices Industry. He has served as  CEO of six medical device companies (public and private) in four countries, and has been a member of the board (including chairman of the board) of 13 companies. Mr. Crosby is an accomplished entrepreneur and company builder, and has brought many medical device products to the world market from concept to market release through R&D, clinical trials and regulatory approval (CE Mark and FDA). He is an inventor on over 50 US patents and applications.

Education includes a Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical) and Master of Engineering Science (Biomedical Engineering).

Litigation Support - Mr. Crosby has served as an expert  in many cases including product liability, intellectual property (patent disputes including infringement, validity, IPR and ITC), alleged misappropriation of trade secrets, fiduciary duty of directors, and commercial contracts disputes (including commercially reasonable efforts"). 

Product Expertise:

Implantable Devices Cochlear Implants Cardiac Pacemakers Implantable Defibrillators Artificial Hearts and LVADs

Neurostimulation Devices In Vitro Diagnostics Medical Device Software Patient Monitoring Imaging / Ultrasound and X-Ray)

View Peter Crosby's Consulting Profile.

Dr. Richard D. Bateson: Expert in Quantitative Finance, AI, and Complex Financial Markets

Dr. Richard D. Bateson is a preeminent authority on quantitative finance, artificial intelligence (AI), and systematic trading. With a unique career spanning senior hedge fund leadership and a foundational doctorate in Physics from Cambridge, he provides expert witness testimony on technically complex financial disputes.

Core Expert Specialisms:

• AI & Systematic Trading: Proprietary technology, strategy development, and performance of algorithmic and machine learning systems. Dr. Bateson provides forensic analysis of proprietary algorithms and source code to compare and evaluate investment strategies.
• Hedge Fund & Investment Management: Governance, trading practices, valuation, and institutional standards of care.
• Financial Derivatives & Structured Products: Pricing, risk management, and market practice across asset classes.
• Complex Market Misconduct: Analysis of practices in algorithmic trading, alternative data usage, and market manipulation. 

Expert Witness Experience:

Instructed as an expert since 2017 on landmark UK and US cases, including:

• Bridgewater Associates v. Tekmerion (proprietary technology misappropriation).
• The UK's first major AI/machine learning case (The Lawyer's Top 20 Cases of 2020).
• Further instructions on hedge fund IP, valuation, and shareholder disputes.

Professional Background:

Founder & CEO of Bateson Asset Management (FCA-regulated AIFM). Former Head of the $5bn AHL Dimension fund (Man Group), Managing Director at RBC, and CEO of $2bn hedge fund MGIM. Holds a Ph.D. in Physics from Cambridge University.
 
Publications & Authority:

Author of "Quantitative Hedge Funds" (World Scientific, 2022) and the best-selling textbook "Financial Derivative Investments" (Imperial College Press, 2011). Also authored over 25 peer-reviewed papers in top physics journals during his prior research career.

Dr. Bateson is currently preparing an updated edition of "Quantitative Hedge Funds" and is under commission to author a new book on bonds and bond markets, further extending his published authority in finance. 

Michael Nranian, JD, MBA, MS has over 30 years experience focusing in Product Development, Intellectual Property, Patent Litigation, Legal and Technical Compliance, and Product Liability Litigation. He is a licensed attorney in Michigan, Texas, & the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Mr. Nranian is a Six Sigma Black Belt, Professional Engineer, & Certified Project Management Professional. He has an in-depth background and education in Law, IP, Electrical, Chemical & Computer Engineering, & Business. He has testified extensively as an expert witness in depositions, hearings, and trials in state & federal courts.

Mr. Nranian conducts Product and Technology Analysis, Patentability & Prior Art Research,and provides Technology & Litigation Support for Intellectual Property. His litigation background includes patent infringement / non-infringement under literal infringement and the doctrine of equivalents, patent validity / invalidity, prior art, & file-wrapper estoppel, for both ITC and Federal cases, including Inter Partes reviews. He conducts analysis of patents and products, prepares claim charts, & expert witness reports. This includes testimony and document preparation for cases before state, and federal court jurisdictions, and the International Trade Commission and the Patent Trial and Appeal Board.

Mr. Nranian is thoroughly familiar with all 101, 102, 103, 112, and other enablement and prior art arguments. His experience includes Technology Standards Boards and Licensing Authorities, Antitrust / DOJ, Technology Development and Transfer, Patents, Trademarks, Trade Secrets, and Copyrights, Licensing, Unfair Competition/Trade, False/Deceptive Advertising, & Lanham Act Actions, & Class Actions.

His Product Liability Expert Witness litigation background includes all types of Safety Systems, Electrical Systems, Fires, Accident Reconstruction, and Evaluation of Alternative Designs for Automotive, Medical and other industries. He has over 29 years of experience in Automotive Safety Systems, Sensors, Seatbelts, Airbags / Curtains, Seats, Diagnostic Systems, Crash Recorders, Crash Pulse Analysis, System Diagnostic, Fault Codes, Structure (including roof-crush and door) and front, side & roll-over systems (including sensing and algorithm development) for domestic and international corporations. He is thoroughly familiar with all regulatory (including FMVSS), and corporate due-care requirements, & preemption arguments, occupant kinematics, & injury causation.

SERVICES: Audio and video recording authentication, enhancement, transcription, and analysis, including body worn camera and security video recordings. Acoustic forensic analysis, including audibility of warning signals, speech - voice comparison, and gunshot - weapon recording analysis (e.g., Taser, ShotSpotter).  Audio technology and patent expert witness/consultant. Forensic musicology analysis. Forensic field recording and analysis per ANSI and recognized standards.

EXPERTISE: Consultation in over 800 audio-video and acoustic forensic cases since 1987. Expert testimony over eighty times, in U.S. Federal and State courts including the United States International Trade Commission (USITC), and courts in Canada and International arbitration panels (World Bank-ICSID).

DEGREES/MEMBERSHIPS: Ph.D. UC San Diego (Computer Audio) 1987; Fellow, Audio Engineering Society (AES); Member, Society of Forensic Engineers and Scientists (SFES), Acoustical Society of America (ASA).